Strategy

Read hidden information

Reason from incomplete evidence, and update as more arrives.

Why it matters

You rarely see everything: the other side's budget, a candidate's real strengths, the cards in a hand. Good decisions start with a best guess from what you can see, and change it as each new clue comes in.

The question to ask

What does what I have just seen tell me, and how should my guess change?

At work

In a negotiation, note what the other side asks about and what they avoid; each tells you something about what they need.

In study

When you use a historical source, ask who wrote it, when, and why, and what that tells you that the text does not say outright.

Lessons

Shown and practised in poker: Acting last, Reading the board, What they could hold.

Practise it in a game, about five minutes against bots: the Rule finder lab or the Ask the panel lab.

Use it in a work case, a short story of linked decisions: The quiz night, Hiring a designer.

New to poker? Play your first hands, with a coach at every decision. Practice points only.

Practise and review

Questions from every lesson above, in mixed order. You do not need to finish a lesson first.

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In the reference

  • Act with more informationDeciding after the other side has shown its hand is an advantage when their move tells you something you lack. When you already know the value, moving first can be the edge.
  • Estimate alone, then poolIn a group, have everyone make their estimate on their own before anyone hears another. Averaged, independent guesses cancel each other’s errors; guesses that follow the first voice do not.
  • Test to disproveTo find out whether you are right, include tests that would prove you wrong, not only ones that would confirm you.